Súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után


súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után

Other physical[ edit ] Bone mineral density, especially of the vertebrae, decreases with menopause Other physical symptoms of menopause include lack of energyjoint sorenessstiffness[16] back pain[16] breast enlargement, [16] breast pain[16] heart palpitations[16] headache[16] dizziness[16] dryitchy skin, [16] thinning, tingling skin, weight gain[16] urinary incontinence[16] [18] urinary urgency[16] interrupted sleeping patterns, [16] [19] [20] [21] heavy night sweats[16] and hot flashes. Induced menopause occurs as a result of medical treatment such súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után chemotherapyradiotherapyoophorectomyor complications of tubal ligationhysterectomyunilateral or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or leuprorelin usage.

In India and the Philippinesthe median age of natural menopause is considerably earlier, at 44 years.

súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után

Coeliac disease can present with several non-gastrointestinal symptoms, in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, and most cases escape timely recognition and go undiagnosed, leading to a risk of long-term complications.

A strict gluten-free diet reduces the risk. Women with early diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease present a normal duration of fertile life span. Other factors that can promote an earlier onset of menopause usually 1 to 3 years súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után are smoking cigarettes or being extremely thin.

The functional disorders often significantly speed up the menopausal process. An early menopause can be related to cigarette smoking, higher body mass indexracial and ethnic factors, illnesses, and the surgical removal of the ovarieswith or without the removal of the uterus. The reasons for this are not completely understood. Transplants of ovarian tissue between identical twins have been successful in restoring fertility. Surgical menopause[ edit ] Menopause can be surgically induced by bilateral oophorectomy removal of ovarieswhich is often, but not always, done in conjunction with removal of the Fallopian tubes salpingo-oophorectomy and uterus hysterectomy.

Surgical treatments, such as the removal of ovaries, might cause periods to stop altogether. The symptoms of early menopause may be more severe. The time between surgery and possible early menopause is due to the fact that ovaries are still producing hormones.

The menopausal transition, and postmenopause itself, is a natural change, not usually a disease state or a disorder. The main cause of this transition is the natural depletion and aging of the finite amount of oocytes ovarian reserve. This process is sometimes accelerated by other conditions and is known to occur earlier after a wide súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után of gynecologic procedures such as hysterectomy with and without ovariectomyendometrial ablation and uterine artery embolisation.

The depletion of the ovarian reserve causes an increase in circulating follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH levels because there are fewer oocytes and follicles responding to these hormones and producing estrogen. Súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után transition has a variable degree of effects.

During perimenopause approaching menopauseestradiol levels and patterns of production remain relatively unchanged or may increase compared to young women, but the cycles become frequently shorter or súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után. Because of this, measurements of these hormones are not considered to be reliable guides to a woman's exact menopausal status. After menopause, estrogen continues to be produced mostly by aromatase in fat tissues and is produced in small amounts in many other tissues such as ovaries, bone, blood vessels, and the brain where it acts locally.

Súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után contrast to the sudden fall in estradiol during menopause, the levels of total and free testosterone, as well as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate DHEAS and androstenedione appear to decline more or less steadily with age.

An effect of natural menopause on circulating androgen levels has not been observed. While many sources continue to claim that hot flashes during the menopausal transition are caused by low estrogen levels, this assertion was shown incorrect inand, in most cases, hot flashes are observed despite elevated estrogen levels.

The exact cause of these symptoms is not yet understood, possible factors considered are higher and erratic variation of estradiol level during the cycle, elevated FSH levels which may indicate hypothalamic dysregulation perhaps caused by missing feedback by inhibin.

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It has been also observed that the vasomotor symptoms differ during early perimenopause and late menopausal transition and it súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után possible that they are caused by a different mechanism.

Ovarian aging[ edit ] Decreased inhibin feedback after hysterectomy is hypothesized to contribute to increased ovarian stimulation and earlier menopause. Hastened ovarian aging has been observed after endometrial ablation.

While it is difficult to prove súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után these surgeries are causative, it has been hypothesized that the endometrium may be producing endocrine factors contributing to the endocrine feedback and regulation of the ovarian stimulation.

Elimination of these factors contributes to faster depletion of the ovarian reserve. Reduced blood supply to the ovaries that may occur as a consequence of hysterectomy and uterine artery embolisation has been hypothesized to contribute to this effect. Primordial follicles are immature primary oocytes surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells. An enzyme system is present in oocytes that ordinarily accurately repairs DNA double-strand breaks. This repair system is called " homologous recombinational repair", and it is especially effective during meiosis.

Meiosis is the general process by which germ cells are formed in all sexual eukaryotes; it appears to be an adaptation for efficiently removing damages in germ line DNA. Human primary oocytes are present at an intermediate stage of meiosis, termed prophase I see Oogenesis. Diagnosis[ edit ] Ways of assessing the impact on women of some of these menopause effects, include the Greene climacteric scale questionnaire, [57] the Cervantes scale [58] and the Menopause rating scale.

The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age average Thus súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után is the time in a woman's life that takes place after her last period or, more accurately, after the point when her ovaries become inactive.

The reason for this delay in declaring postmenopause is because periods are usually erratic at this time of life. Therefore, a reasonably long stretch of time is necessary to be sure that the cycling has ceased.

At this point a woman is considered infertile; however, the possibility of becoming pregnant has usually been very low but not quite zero for a number of years before this point is reached. A woman's reproductive hormone levels continue to drop and fluctuate for some time into post-menopause, so hormone withdrawal effects such as hot flashes may take several years to disappear.

A period-like flow during postmenopause, even spotting, may be a sign of endometrial cancer. Management[ edit ] Perimenopause is a natural stage of life. It is not a disease or a disorder. Therefore, it does not automatically require any súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után of medical treatment. However, in those cases where the physical, mental, and emotional effects of perimenopause are strong enough that they significantly disrupt the life of the woman experiencing them, abraham hicks fogyás 2021 medical therapy may sometimes be appropriate.

Hormone replacement therapy[ edit ] Main article: Hormone replacement therapy menopause In the context of the menopause, hormone replacement therapy HRT is the use of estrogen in women without a uterus and estrogen plus progestin in women who have an intact uterus.

The most commonly prescribed SERMs are raloxifene and tamoxifen. Raloxifene exhibits oestrogen agonist activity on bone and lipids, and antagonist activity on breast and the endometrium.

Raloxifene prevents vertebral fractures in postmenopausal, osteoporotic women and reduces the risk of invasive breast cancer. Side effects associated with its use include drowsiness and headaches.

súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után

Clonidine is used to improve vasomotor symptoms and may be associated with constipation, dizziness, nausea and sleeping problems. However, there is insufficient evidence to support the benefits of weight loss for symptom management. While one review found that there was a lack of quality evidence supporting a benefit of exercise, [85] another review recommended regular healthy exercise to reduce comorbidities, improve mood and anxiety symptoms, enhance cognition, and decrease the risk of fractures.

In addition, relaxation training with at-home relaxation audiotapes such as deep breathing, paced respiration, and guided imagery may have positive effects on zsírégető cellulit súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után, izmos karok muscles and reducing stress.

Vaginal moisturizers can help women with overall dryness, and lubricants can help with lubrication difficulties that may be present during intercourse. It is worth pointing out that moisturizers and lubricants are different products for different issues: some women complain that their genitalia are uncomfortably dry all the time, and they may do better with moisturizers.

Those who need only lubricants do well using them only during intercourse.

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Low-dose prescription vaginal estrogen products such as estrogen creams are generally a safe way to use estrogen topically, to help vaginal thinning and dryness problems see vaginal atrophy while only minimally increasing the levels of estrogen in the bloodstream. In terms of managing hot flashes, lifestyle measures súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után as drinking cold liquids, staying in cool rooms, using fans, removing súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után clothing, and avoiding hot flash triggers such as hot drinks, súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után foods, etc.

Individual counseling or support groups can sometimes be helpful to handle sad, depressed, anxious or confused feelings women may be having as they pass through what can be for some a very challenging transition time. Osteoporosis can be minimized by smoking cessationadequate vitamin D intake and regular weight-bearing exercise.

The bisphosphonate drug alendronate may decrease the risk of a fracture, in women that have both bone loss and a previous fracture and less so for those with just osteoporosis.

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While at least 11 women have undergone the procedure and paid over £6, there is no evidence it is safe or effective. Menopause has been described as a subjective experience, with social and cultural factors playing a prominent role in the way menopause is experienced and perceived. The súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után menopause was invented by French doctors at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után

Some of them noted that peasant women had no complaints about the end of menses, while urban middle-class women had many troubling symptoms. Doctors at this time considered the symptoms to súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után the result of urban lifestyles of sedentary behaviour, alcohol consumption, too much time indoors, and over-eating, with a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables. Research indicates that whether a woman views menopause as a medical issue or an expected life change is correlated with her socio-economic status.

súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után

American women of súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után ethnicities report significantly different types of menopausal effects. One major study found Caucasian women most likely to report what are sometimes described as psychosomatic symptoms, while African-American women were more likely to report vasomotor symptoms. Historically, konenki was associated with wealthy middle-class housewives in Japan, i.

Menopause in Japan was viewed as a symptom of the inevitable process of aging, rather than a "revolutionary transition", or a "deficiency disease" in need of management. This is a medical calque ; the Greek word for menses is actually different. In Ancient Greek, the menses were described in the plural, ta emmēnia, "the monthlies"and its modern descendant has been clipped to ta emmēna.

The word "menopause" was coined specifically for human females, where the end of fertility is traditionally indicated by the permanent stopping of monthly menstruations. However, menopause exists in some other animals, many of which do not have monthly menstruation; [] in this case, the term means a natural end to fertility that occurs before the end of the natural lifespan.

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See also: Disposable soma theory of aging and Patriarch hypothesis Few animals have a menopause: humans are joined by just four other species in which females live substantially longer than their ability to reproduce. The others are all cetaceans : beluga whalesnarwhalskiller whales and short-finned pilot whales. Explanations can be categorized as adaptive and non-adaptive: Non-adaptive hypotheses[ edit ] The high cost of female investment in offspring may lead to physiological deteriorations that amplify susceptibility to becoming infertile.

This hypothesis suggests the reproductive lifespan in humans has been optimized, but it has proven more difficult in females and thus their reproductive span is shorter.

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If this hypothesis were true, however, age at menopause should be negatively correlated with reproductive effort, [] and the available data do not support this. In other words, senescence is programmed and regulated by specific genes. This discovery has led some biologists to argue that there was no selection for or against menopause at the time at which the ancestor of all modern humans lived in Africa, suggesting that menopause is instead a random evolutionary effect of a selection shadow regarding aging in early Homo sapiens.

It is also argued that since the population fraction of post-menopausal women in early Homo sapiens was so low, menopause had no evolutionary effect on mate selection fogyni Koreában social súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után related to mate selection. The various biological factors súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után with menopause had the effect of male members of the species investing their effort with the most viable of potential female mates.

That would be counterproductive to the supposed adaptation of getting male support as a fertile female and ruin survival for children produced over much of the female's fertile and agile life, unless children were raised in ways that did not rely on support from a male partner which would eliminate that type of resource diverting selection anyway.

A computer model was constructed to test this hypothesis, and showed that it was feasible.

As of it was unclear if there has been sufficient time since that happened for such an súlycsökkenés egyoldalú oophorectomia után process to occur. Females are born and stay in the group, so relatedness to the females stays about the same. However, throughout time, the older male relatives will die and any sons she gives birth to will disperse, so that local relatedness to males, and therefore the whole group, declines.

The situation is reversed in species where males are philopatric and either females disperse, or mating is non-local. In the case of female-biased dispersal, the female is initially equally unrelated with every individual in the group, and with non-local mating, the female is closely related to the females of the group, but not the males since her paternal relatives are in another group.

As she gives birth, her sons will stay with her, increasing her relatedness to males in the group overtime and thus her relatedness with the overall group. The common feature that connects these two otherwise different behaviors is male-biased philopatry, which leads to an increase in kin selection with female age.

While not conclusive, evidence does exist to support the idea that female-biased dispersal existed in pre-modern humans. The closest living relatives to humans, chimpanzeesbonobosand both mountain gorillas and western lowland gorillasare female-biased dispersers.